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Chandrayaan-1 spacecraft has entered deep space after crossing the 150,000 km (one and a half lakh km) distance mark from the Earth. This happened after the successful completion of the spacecraft’s third orbit raising manoeuvre today (October 26, 2008) morning.

During this manoeuvre which was initiated at 07:08 IST, the spacecraft’s 440 Newton liquid engine was fired for about nine and a half minutes. With this, Chandrayaan-1 entered a much higher elliptical orbit around the Earth. The apogee (farthest point to Earth) of this orbit lies at 164,600 km while the perigee (nearest point to Earth) is at 348 km. In this orbit, Chandrayaan-1 takes about 73 hours to go round the Earth once.

The antennas of the Indian Deep Space Network at Byalalu are playing a crucial role in tracking and communicating with Chandrayaan-1 spacecraft in such a high orbit. The spacecraft performance is normal. More orbit raising manoeuvres are planned in the coming few days to take Chandrayaan-1 towards the Moon.

A team of Japanese climbers have found the footprints of the legendary abominable snowman in the folds of the eastern Himalayas in Nepal.

An eight-member team stated the footprints of the snowman or Yeti were about 20 centimetres long and were human in appearance. The creature's footprints were found on snow at an altitude of about 4,800 metres (15,748 feet) in the Dhaulagiri mountain range in west Nepal.

The first reliable report of the Yeti appeared in 1925 when a Greek photographer, N. A. Tombazi, working as a member of a British geological expedition in the Himalayas, was shown a creature moving in the distance across some lower slopes. The creature was almost a thousand feet away in an area at an altitude of around 15,000 feet.

“Unquestionably, the figure in outline was exactly like a human being, walking upright and stopping occasionally to uproot or pull at some dwarf rhododendron bushes,” said Tombazi, “It showed up dark against the snow and, as far as I could make out wore no clothes.”

The creature disappeared before Tombazi could take a photograph and was not seen again. The group was descending, though, and the photographer went out of his way to see the ground were he had spotted the creature. Tombazi found footprints in the snow.

“They were similar in shape to those of a man, but only six to seven inches long by four inches wide at the broadest part of the foot. The marks of five distinct toes and the instep were perfectly clear, but the trace of the heel was indistinct…”

There were 15 prints to be found. Each was one and one half to two feet apart. Then Tombazi lost the trail in thick brush. When the locals were asked to name the beast he’d seen they told him it was a “Kanchenjunga demon.” Tombazi didn’t think he’d seen a demon, but he couldn’t figure out what the creature was either. Perhaps he’d seen a wandering Buddhist or Hindu ascetic or hermit. As the years went by though and other Yeti stories surfaced, Tombazi began to wonder if he’d seen one too.

Yeti reports usually come in the form of tracks found, pelts offered, shapes seen at a distance, or rarely, actual face-to-face encounters with the creatures. Face to face encounters never come with researchers looking for the Yeti, but with locals who stumble into the creature during their daily lives.

Some of the best tracks ever seen were found and photographed by British mountaineers Eric Shipton and Micheal Ward in 1951. They found them on the southwestern slopes of the Menlung Glacier, which lies between Tibet and Nepal, at an altitude of 20,000 feet. Each print was thirteen inches wide and some eighteen inches long. The tracks seemed fresh and Shipton and Ward followed the trail for a mile before it disappeared in hard ice.

Some scientists that viewed the photographs could not identify the tracks as from any known creature. Others, though, felt it was probably the trail of a languar monkey or red bear. They noted the tracks in snow, melted by the sun, can change shape and grow larger. Even so, the bear/monkey theory seems unlikely as both of these animals normally move on all four feet. The tracks were clearly that of a biped.

Shipton’s and Ward’s reputations argue against a hoax on their part and the remoteness and height of the trail’s location argues against them being hoaxed.

Shipton’s footprints were not the first or last discovered by climbers among the Himalayas. Even Sir Edmund Hillary and his Sherpa guide, Tenzing Norgay, on their record ascent to the top of Mount Everest, in 1953, found giant foot prints on the way up.

One of the more curious reports of a close encounter with a Yeti occurred in 1938. Captain d’Auvergue, the curator of the Victoria Memorial in Calcutta, India, was traveling the Himalayas by himself when he became snow blind. As he neared death from exposure he was rescued by a nine foot tall Yeti that nursed him back to health until d’Auvergue was able to return home by himself.

In many other stories, though, the Yeti hasn’t been so benign. One Sherpa girl, who was tending her yaks, described being surprised by a large ape-like creature with black and brown hair. It started to drag her off, but seemed to be startled by her screams and let her go. It then savagely killed two of her yaks. She escaped with her life and the incident was reported to the police, who found footprints.

Several expeditions have been organized to track down the Yeti, but none have found more than footprints and questionable artifacts like scalps and hides. The London Daily Mail sent an expedition in 1954. American oil men Tom Slick and F. Kirk Johnson financed trips in 1957, 58, and 59. Probably the most well-known expedition went in 1960.

Sir Edmund Hillary, the same man that had first climbed Everest in 1953, lead the 1960 trip in association with Desmond Doig. The expedition was sponsored by the World Book Encyclopedia and was well outfitted with trip-wire cameras, as well as time lapse and infrared photography. Despite a ten-month stay the group failed to find any convincing evidence of the existence of the Yeti. The artifacts they examined, two skins and a scalp, turned out to belong to two blue bears and a serow goat.

At the time Hillary and Doig wrote off the Yeti as legend. Later, though, Doig decided that the expedition hadbeen too big and clumsy. They didn’t see a Yeti, he agreed, but nor did they observe such animals like the snow leopard which was known to exist.

After spending thirty years in the Himalayas Doig believes that the Yeti is actually three animals. The first is what the Sherpas call the “dzu teh.” Large shaggy animals that often attack cattle. Diog thinks this is probably the Tibetan blue bear. A creature so rare it is known only in the west through a few skins, bones and a skull. The second type, called “thelma,” is probably a gibbon (a known type of ape) that Diog thinks may live as far north as Nepal, though it’s never been spotted past the Brahmaputra River in India. The third Yeti, “mih teh,” is the true abominable snowman of legend. A savage ape, covered with black or red hair that lives at altitudes of up to 20,000 feet.

Source

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Chief among the mission's goals is mapping not only the surface of the moon, but what lies beneath. India joined what's shaping up as a 21st century space race with Chinese and Japanese crafts already in orbit around the moon.

"With Chandrayaan-1, we are entering a new era of planetary exploration, which will be a major component of human endeavour in the 21st century. This effort and similar efforts in the coming years will put India in a unique position to be an active partner in major global efforts involving planetary exploration and exploitation," he added.

Echoing Kasturirangan, the main brain behind India's moon mission, U.R. Rao, former chairman of ISRO said he felt great about the successful launch of Chandrayaan-1.

"It is a joyous day for the entire country. The mission demonstrates India's capability in launch vehicles and sending spacecraft beyond earth's orbit. It is a proud moment for the Indian space community," said Rao.

"I am ecstatic. It is a great initiative. Rather overdue as it will be the first beyond earth. The success of the mission will lead to a second wave of adventure in space in line with the vision of the founders of the Indian space programme such as Vikram Sarabhai and Satish Dhawan," said Roddam Narasimaiah, member Indian Space Commission, Bangalore.

Delving on the importance of the moon mission, Kasturirangan said being the first mission beyond the earth's orbit, Chandrayaan-1 would establish India's credentials as a leader in space technology, including indigenous development of powerful launch vehicles and spacecraft.

"Six of the 11 scientific experiments in the spacecraft being foreign payloads demonstrates the confidence space-faring nations such as the US and the European Space Agency have in our ability to venture into lunar exploration," he added.

For the billion-strong Indians, the mission exemplifies the tremendous progress the country has made in science and technology despite poverty and illiteracy on the other side.

"On one side, the lunar mission will put India on the world map of high-level cooperation in space technology. On the other, it strengthens our resolve to fight issues like poverty, hunger and illiteracy through strategies," said Kasturirangan.

"The entire space community has worked hard for years for this great leap in space technology. Launch is one aspect. Putting the spacecraft in the lunar orbit about 100 km from the moon's surface involves intricate manoeuvres at different levels for over 18 days before it is successfully placed in the pre-designated slot," added Kasturirangan.

Narasimaiah said after the successful launch of Chandrayaan-1, India now had to rethink on what it had to do in space.

"This is the first step in looking at space beyond earth. The entire mission demonstrates that India has the capability to launch its own rockets and put satellites beyond earth. We already have the capability. It is being harnessed now," he said.

"For the country and its people, the mission to the moon may not bring tangible benefits in the immediate future, but can potentially lead to in the next 20 years. The issue will be how well we can use lunar resources. That depends on how much we find what is on moon and the technology we have to develop to make use of the resources."

The Indian Science Congress Association (ISCA) also issued a statement congratulating the space scientists behind the successful launch.

The apex body of scientists in the country said the launch would help India economically and strategically.

"Successful blasting of Chandrayan-1 from the second launch pad of the Satish Dhawan Space Centre in Sriharikota has not only put the country into the select club that have sent missions to the moon, it will also help the country economically and strategically," said V.M. Trehan, chairman of ISCA, Delhi chapter.

India is certainly making waves with it's recent upsurge in space technology, anti-gravity propulsion systems to be unleashed by 2012 ... India is in the know of things to come !

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